1. Sample Collection Fungal Broth Culture : Grow the fungal strain in a suitable liquid medium (e.g., Potato Dextrose Broth , Malt Extract Broth , or Czapek-Dox Broth ) under optimized conditions (temperature, pH, and incubation time, typically 25…
NanoDrop spectrophotometer for DNA quality Analysis The NanoDrop spectrophotometer is a widely used tool for quantifying and assessing the quality of DNA, RNA, and proteins in small sample volumes (1–2 µL). It measures the absorbance of ultraviolet…
Coevolution-arms race and trench warfare models Host-parasite coevolution describes the reciprocal evolutionary changes between hosts (e.g., plants) and parasites (e.g., pathogens) as they adapt to each other’s defenses and counter-defenses. The docum…
